为什么印度是曾被英国统治过的殖民地中最为贫穷的一个

Why is India among the poorest country that have been once ruled by the British compared to their other colonies that are now currently independent?

为什么印度是曾被英国统治过的殖民地中最为贫穷的一个？

以下是Quora网友的评论：

Dr. Balaji Viswanathan

There are 2 types of British colonies.

英国殖民地有两种。

Group A: Where the Europeans used the land for settlement, pushing out/exterminating the natives. Here they got large tracts of land from them, applied European technology and shared the spoils with a small group of people — resulting in wealth.

USA

Canada

Australia

New Zealand

A类：欧洲人在这片土地定居，驱逐/杀光了当地人。他们在这些殖民地获得了大片土地，带来了欧洲的科技，并与一小群人分享了战利品—从而创造了财富。

美国

加拿大

澳大利亚

新西兰

Group B: Where the Europeans didn’t settle, but used up the resources — such as land, markets, people. These colonies benefitted little from the industrial revolution and other key technology progress of the 19th and early 20th centuries.

India

Pakistan

Bangladesh

Malaysia

Sudan

Kenya

Egypt

Sierra Leone

Uganda

Zimbabwe

Namibia

Nigeria

B类：欧洲人没有在那里定居，但榨干了当地的资源—比如土地、市场和人口。这些殖民地几乎没有从19世纪和20世纪初的工业革命和其他重要技术进步中受益。

印度

巴基斯坦

孟加拉国

马来西亚

苏丹

肯尼亚

埃及

塞拉利昂

乌干达

津巴布韦

纳米比亚

尼日利亚

In the Group B, India is one of the most stable society and economies.

在B类中，印度是社会和经济最为稳定的国家之一。

Subodh Mathur

Is India poor because of the British Empire?

No. India is poor for its own reasons. The British did leave India as a poor, illiterate, food-short, low life expectancy country. And, they were responsible for the needless horrors of the Partition of Punjab. But, that was too long ago. Actually, as I see it, the Raj stopped being meaningful within 15 years. When I was growing up in the 1960s, the Raj was already history, and had no more relevance in the economic life of India.

印度的贫穷是大英帝国造成吗？

不。印度的贫穷有其自身的原因。英国人确实给印度留下了一个贫穷、文盲、食物短缺、预期寿命低的烂摊子。英国还对旁遮普分裂的可怕遭遇负有责任。但那已经是很久以前的事了。我出生于20世纪60年代，当时印度的统治已经成为历史，在印度的经济生活中已经没有任何意义了。

Chetan Desai

Why is there such poverty in India and what's the historical cause? My girlfriend (Indian) blames the British. I (British) feel this is an easy out and there's more to it than that.

definitely I agree with both of you.

britishers do deserve some blame but not all.

heavy population pressures, resulting dog-eat-dog culture, no country can generate enough employment for such a huge number of the young, outdated farm policies leading to rural poverty; policies favouring big corporations and loaded against small businesses especially bank funding…..etc

为什么印度如此贫穷？有什么历史原因？我女朋友(印度人)说责任在英国人身上。我(英国人)觉得这是推脱责任，原因远不止如此。

你们俩的看法我都认同。

英国人确实应该受到指责，但也不能全怪英国人。

沉重的人口压力，导致竞争激烈的文化，没有哪个国家可以为如此庞大的年轻人口创造足够的就业机会，过时的农业政策导致农村人口生活贫困；政府制定的政策偏袒大公司，忽视小企业，特别是银行融资.....等等

Dennis Flomo

India's poverty cannot be attributed solely to its history of British colonialism. While it is true that British colonialism in India had a significant impact on the country's economic and social development, there are many other factors that have contributed to India's current economic and social challenges.

印度的贫穷不能仅仅归咎于英国殖民历史。虽然英国在印度的殖民统治确实对该国的经济和社会发展产生了重大影响，但许多其他因素也导致了印度当前的经济和社会困局。

One of the main reasons for India's poverty is its large population, which makes it difficult to provide basic services such as healthcare, education, and housing to everyone. In addition, India has struggled with widespread corruption, inadequate infrastructure, and uneven economic development across different regions.

印度贫困的主要原因之一是人口众多，这使得印度民众难以获得充足医疗、教育和住房等基本服务。此外，印度还面临着普遍的腐败、基础设施不足以及地区之间经济发展不平衡等问题。

Furthermore, India's economy has historically been heavily dependent on agriculture, which has limited its ability to diversify and grow. While India has made significant progress in recent years in areas such as technology and services, the country still faces significant challenges in reducing poverty and promoting economic growth.

此外，印度经济自古严重依赖农业，这限制了经济多样化和增长的能力。虽然印度近年来在科技和服务等领域取得了重大进展，但在减少贫困和促进经济增长方面仍面临重大挑战。

It is also important to note that not all former British colonies have enjoyed equal levels of economic prosperity. Each country has unique historical, cultural, and economic factors that have influenced its development. Thus, while colonialism may have had an impact on India's economic development, it is not the sole reason for its current poverty.

同样值得注意的是，并非所有前英国殖民地都能实现经济繁荣。每个国家都有影响本国发展的独特的历史、文化和经济因素。因此，虽然殖民*义可能对印度的经济发展产生了影响，但并不是造成印度目前贫困的唯一原因。

Dr. Balaji Viswanathan

What would have happened if the British had not conquered India? What would the country be like now?

如果英国人没有征服印度，会发生什么？这个国家现在会是什么样子？

First, let me attack the myth that there was no India when the British came. Sure, in 18th century when the British conquered, India was a confusing mess of feuding states. However, it was not always like that.

首先，我必须驳斥英国人到来时印度尚不存在的谣言。是，英国人18世纪征服印度的时候，印度确实还是一个处于长期混战的国家。但情况并非总是如此。

The name India might be foreign (From Persians) and relatively new (2500 years old), but even now in Indian languages such as Hindi the alternative name "Bharat" is more commonly used to refer to our nation. The term Bharat is probably 1000s of years old and used throughout the nation to refer to this land. In Brahminical rituals we daily recite about Bharatavarsha (India) in Bharathakanda (Indian subcontinent) and these hymns in Vedas are 1000s of years old. Thus, the concept of India is neither new nor foreign.

印度这个名字可能是舶来词(来自波斯语)，相对较新(只有2500年历史)，但在印度语言中，如印地语，更常用“巴拉特”来指代印度。巴拉特这个词可能有1000年的历史，在全国范围内通用，指代印度这片土地。在婆罗门教的仪式中，我们每天背诵巴拉多阿坎达(印度次大陆)的巴拉多阿瓦沙(印度)，这些吠陀诗中的赞美诗有1000年的历史。因此，印度的概念既不短暂也不陌生。

Maratha rulers already began to take charge of India by the time British came and the consolidation of India would have happened to reflect our historical unity.

It is hard to project what would have happened in a 300 year history. But, my guess is that:

英国人来的时候，马拉地统治者已经开始控制印度，印度的统一恰好反映了我们历史上的统一。

很难预测在300年的历史中会发生什么。但是，我的猜测是：

1. India would have adapted to industrial revolution fast and Indian scholars would have built hybrid utilities to compete with European mills. India always had an edge in science during the rule of Guptas, Mauryans and other Indian empires and it is quite likely that the successors of Marathas would helped India compete with the West in science and technology.

2. India would have had far less famines and deaths that came with the rule of outsiders such as the East India company. Indian rulers of the ancient always had a good judgment of how much revenue to collect and when to collect (inappropriate) taxation was the main reason for many famines in India.

1. 印度迅速适应工业革命，与欧洲工厂竞争。在笈多、孔雀和其他印度帝国统治期间，印度在科学方面一直占据优势，很有可能马拉地人的继承者会帮助印度在科学和技术方面与西方一较高下。

2. 在东印度公司等外来者的统治下，印度的饥荒和死亡会大幅减少。古代的印度统治者决定应该征收多少税收、何时征收(不适当的)税收，往往就是印度多次饥荒的主要原因。

3. Indian Islam would have been absorbed within Hinduism as a separate sect. By the time of Bahadur Shah's regime, Muslim rulers were getting more Hindu'ized. For instance, many Persian scholars were translating the Upanishads and Vedas that eventually got the attention of European scholars. The Sufi tradition of Islam could have easily coexsted with Hinduism and we could have had a hybrid religion.

4. India would have had current Pakistan and Bangladesh stay with it, but it is quite likely that the Tamils and North East Indians would have stayed separate as they were never really a part of Indian empires as seen in the maps above.

3. 印度YSL教作为一个独立的教派被印度教吸收。到巴哈杜尔·沙阿政权时期，统治者越来越印度教化。例如，许多波斯学者翻译《奥义书》和《吠陀经》，最终引起了欧洲学者的注意。YSL教的苏非派传统可以和印度教共存，我们可以哺育出融合宗教。

4. 印度可以让现在的巴基斯坦和孟加拉国留在印度，但泰米尔人和东北印度人很可能会继续独立，因为他们从来没有真正成为印度帝国的一部分。

Abhinash Kumar

Which Ex British Colonies are Rich

Australia- population 26 million. Country with small population. Natural resources of Trillions. Got independence In 1901. Australia Is 121 years old Country

Canada- population of 38 million . Small population. Tones of natural resources. Got independence in 1867

US - Population 330 million lower population than India. Lots of natural resources. More than 200 years old Country. Got industrialised In 19th century

New Zealand - population of 5 million

Malaysia - Small population. Natural resources

哪些前英国殖民地现在经济较为富裕？

澳大利亚—人口2600万，是人口少的国家。自然资源以数万亿计。1901年澳大利亚获得独立，是一个有121年历史的国家

加拿大—人口3800万，人口规模小。自然资源丰富。1867年获得独立。

美国—人口比印度少，只有3.3亿。自然资源丰富。拥有200多年的历史。19世纪开始工业化。

新西兰—人口500万。

马来西亚—人口规模小。自然资源丰富。

Arden Tom McClure

See a YouTube presentation on why is India poor.

Their answer Is because India had a huge population, they would just put more people on a large task, like harvesting. There was no incentive to adopt labor saving techniques or machines because there were alway enough people, and in fact to keep all the people fed, they were needed to work.

Over half of India was ruled indirectly, meaning the local ruler simply stayed in power by accepting the British, who protected him from attacks in exchange for cooperation, so there was no war and far less famine.

看看YouTube上关于印度为什么贫穷的解释吧。

他们的回答是，因为印度人口众多，所以要把更多的人力放在大型任务上，比如粮食收割。因此印度没有动力采纳节省劳动力的技术或机器，因为他们有取之不尽的人力，事实上，这样做也是为了让所有人都吃饱，大家都需要工作。

印度有一大多半是被间接统治的，这意味着当地统治者只能接受英国人才能保护自己的权力，英国人保护当地统治者的安稳来换取合作，所以杜绝了战争，避免了饥荒。

Pratiti Bhadra

How British Colonialism 'destroyed' India?

英国殖民主义是如何“摧毁”印度的?

Without any doubt the traditional market of India i.e the Indian industry was the most effected one as due to the establishment of English East India Company who manufactured cheap and bad quality materials and destroyed the handicraft market of India. Also due to british import and export the Surat and Hoogly ports’ importance declined and Calcutta - Bombay ports came up under the control of European companies. Due to fall in local market the local traders and bankers too went bankrupt, but the ones who survived had to follow the european structure of market. Raw materials were supplied to Britain from India at a cheap rate. The Princely states were also removed totally by defeating the rajput rulers and seizing their territory under the British rule.

毫无疑问，印度的传统市场，即印度工业受到的影响最大，因为英国东印度公司生产了价廉质劣的材料，摧毁了印度的手工艺品市场。此外，由于英国的进出口，苏拉特和胡格利港口的重要性下降，加尔各答-孟买港口被欧洲公司控制。由于当地市场的萎缩，当地的商人和银行家也破产了，但幸存下来的人不得不遵循欧洲的市场结构。印度以低廉的价格向英国供应原材料。拉其普特统治者被英国打败，领土被攫取后，王公国家也被完全消灭了。

Another point to be added some may take it as a positive impact some as a negetive impact i.e. the mixng of western culture with Indian culture(dress, food,lifestyle, education, government system, military etc)

另一点需要补充的是，有些人可能认为这是一种积极影响，有些人可能认为这是一种消极影响，即西方文化与印度文化的融合(服装、食物、生活方式、教育、政府体制、军事等)。

Subodh Mathur

Are the British at all at fault for India’s current state of poverty?

No. They have been gone for more than 70 years. Whatever they did is too old now. Nothing they did should mater anymore. Nor are the British responsible for any progress that India makes. The British Raj is over.

英国人对印度目前的贫困状况负有责任吗？

不。英国已经离开印度70多年了。不管他们做过什么，都已经是太久远的事了，已经无关紧要了。英国对印度取得的任何进步也功劳。英国统治早就结束了。

Mohan Gopalakrishnan

Did British colonized benefit India economically or otherwise?

Of course not. British converted the richest nation in the world in the 1700s to a poor country by the turn of the century and further presided over famine after famine laced with deaths. All the human development indices were pathetic when the british left in 1947.

英国殖民在经济上或其他方面给印度带来了好处吗？

当然没有。英国在18世纪将印度这个世界上最富有的国家变成了一个贫穷的国家，印度经历了一次又一次的饥荒，饥荒和死亡紧紧纠缠着印度。1947年英国终于离开印度时，印度的所有人类发展指数都惨不忍睹。