Which country is technologically more advanced: China or Japan?
哪个国家在科技领域更先进：中国还是日本？
以下是Quora读者的评论：
Chris Bartlett (バートレット クリス), lives in Japan
I don’t think there can be any question that in terms of raw technological knowledge and expertise Japan is still, overall, way ahead, the legacy of 70+ years of world leading investment in education and research and design.
China leads Japan in a few niche areas (for example possibly some manned space flight, some specific military technologies and specialist areas such as Chinese medicine related developments among others).
However it is only a matter of time before China catches up and probably overtakes Japan, just due to shear numbers (China has 10x the population of Japan). To catch up across the board might take as much as another 20-30 years though.
我认为，就技术知识和专业技能而言，日本毫无疑问仍然遥遥领先，这是70多年来世界领先的教育、研究和设计投资的积累。
中国在某些领域领先日本(例如一些载人航天飞行、一些特定的军事技术和中医相关的专业领域等)。
但是中国赶超日本只是个时间问题，因为中国的人口是日本的10倍。不过，要全面赶超可能还需要20-30年的时间。
It’s obviously much easier to catch up in technology than to make new technology. China has been able to jump forward in technology by obtaining foreign tech by various means. On the one hand it has bought technology, it has sent students to study abroad and it has engaged in join ventures with foreign companies/organisations where part of the deal is usually some degree of technology transfer, on the other hand China has reverse engineered foreign products and captured weapons systems, and has obtained technology by espionage and hacking both of other governments and foreign companies (which most countries do to one degree or another - though genuinely probably much less so in Japan’s case with it’s strict controls on government agencies and particularly spying - since WWII there has been no functional equivalents of the CIA or NSA in Japan for example, whereas there most certainly are in China). This has, for example, enabled China to develop some pretty impressive next generation stealth fighters among other achievements. For these reasons the chinese and military contractors are probably further ahead in technology than purely private Chinese companies who might get sued if they used questionably obtained technology in their products.
显然，在技术上迎头赶上要比从零开始发明新技术要容易得多。中国通过各种方式获取国外技术，在技术上实现了跨越式发展。一方面它购买现成技术，派出学生出国留学，并与外国公司/机构经营合资企业，交易通常包含一定程度的技术转让；另一方面中国会对外国产品和缴获的武器系统进行逆向工程，通过间谍和黑客获得其他政府和外国公司的技术。例如，这使得中国能够研发出令人印象深刻的新一代隐形战机。
译文来源：三泰虎 https://www.santaihu.com/48367.html 译者：Joyceliu
It’s important to note that despite the public vitriol between the Chinese and Japanese governments, on the ground in China, there is massive cooperation between Chinese and Japanese companies and any number of joint ventures and associated technology sharing. Therefore Japan does not necessarily have to lose out in a situation where China catches it up in technology levels, such development may well be a win-win for both countries.
值得注意的是，中日企业之间存在着大规模的合作，有许多合资企业和相关技术共享。因此，在中国技术水平赶超日本的情况下，日本不一定会输，这样的发展很可能对两国都是双赢的。
Danny Auyeung, Director , Private Client Group (1991-present)
In certain areas, due to historical reasons.
During the Qin dynasty, the first emperor sent a team of top herbalists, chemists, biologists , scientists , 500 young boys and girls with a large to Japan looking for the legendary medicine that would make him immortal. They stayed in Japan.
在某些地区，由于历史原因。
在秦朝，秦始皇派遣了一支由顶级草药学家、化学家、生物学家、科学家组成的队伍，500名童男童女带着一支庞大的队伍前往日本，寻找能使他长生不老的神药。他们留在了日本。
Ozgun Aydingoz, former Sales District Manager at Honda (2016-2017)
I’m going to go with Japan in this question, only because technology in Japan is spread to a wider user base. People in rural China have still problems accessing to technology, when compared to rural Japan.
You can also check the The Global Innovation Index 2016 for a more detailed response or Bloomberg’s Innovation Index. The latter index displays Japan as #6 and China as #19.
在这个问题上，我认为是日本，原因就是日本的技术传播到了更广泛的用户群。与日本农村相比，中国农村的人们在获取技术方面仍然存在困难。
你也可以查看一下2016年全球创新指数或彭博的创新指数，以获得更详细的回应。后一项指数显示，日本排名第6，中国排名第19。
Shan Lung ( 山 龍)
So Japan even more advanced than USA?
Where is Japan on this list?
Decades ahead?
所以照你说，日本比美国还要更先进了？
日本在这个名单上排第几？
未来几十年?
NOVEMBER 2017
TOP500 LIST
The fiftieth TOP500 list of the fastest supercomputers in the world has China overtaking the US in the total number of ranked systems by a margin of 202 to 143. It is the largest number of supercomputers China has ever claimed on the TOP500 ranking, with the US presence shrinking to its lowest level since the list’s inception 25 years ago.
Just six months ago, the US led with 169 systems, with China coming in at 160. Despite the reversal of fortunes, the 143 systems claimed by the US gives them a solid second place finish, with Japan in third place with 35, followed by Germany with 20, France with 18, and the UK with 15.
China has also overtaken the US in aggregate performance as well. The Asian superpower now claims 35.4 percent of the TOP500 flops, with the US in second place with 29.6 percent.
The top 10 systems remain largely unchanged since the June 2017 list, with a couple of notable exceptions.
2017年11月
500强名单
在第50个全球超级计算机运行速度最快的500强榜单中，中国在上榜总数上超过美国，达到202台，美国为143台。这是中国在500强排行榜上拥有的超级计算机数量最多的一次，而美国的超级计算机数量则降至该榜单25年前创立以来的最低水平。
就在6个月前，美国还以169台领先，中国则为160台。尽管形势逆转，但美国宣称拥有的143台让它们稳居第二，日本以35台排在第三，其次是德国的20台、法国的18台和英国的15台。
中国的总体表现也超过了美国。在500强中，中国占35.4%，美国以29.6%位居第二。
自2017年6月的榜单以来，排名前十的系统基本保持不变。
Hidesato Sakakibara, studied at Japan
In many ways yes but as I have stated in another post, more often than not Japan and China are working together. I would say that at least 40% or more of Chinese technology is Japanese technology. We have more researchers working together and in that way it is not a matter of A vs. B but A hand-in-hand with.
在很多方面是这样的，但正如我在另一篇文章中所说，日本和中国经常合作。我想说，至少40%或更多的中国技术是日本技术。我们有更多的研究人员在一起工作，这样就不是A跟B比较的问题了，而是携手合作的问题。
Lin Zexu, I'm from China
Yep, especially in those traditional high-end manufacturing industries, such as automobiles, machines, electronic materials, medical equipment, medicine, presicion chemistry, etc.
I do believe China is more advanced in some specified fields though, such as IT (both hardware and software).
是的，尤其是在传统的高端制造业，如汽车、机械、电子材料、医疗设备、医药、印刷化学等。
不过，中国在某些特定领域更先进，比如IT(硬件和软件)。
James Keith, lived in Paris
So currently China is working on an open source code environment for its development specifically for AI. Whereas Japan is still a free enterprise build and charge, control rights model.
Chinese developers just take what's available and make more variants over and over with very little control over development rights.
In that sense China will likely leap forward past everyone.
目前中国正致力于为发展，尤其是AI领域开发专门针对人工智能的开放源代码环境。而日本仍然是自由企业，采取搭建、收费、控制权的模式。
中国的开发人员只是利用现有的资源，不断地制造更多的变种，而对开发权几乎没有控制权。
从这个意义上说，中国很可能超越所有国家。
Glenn Lee
If the rich Japanese is compared the rich Chinese and the poor Japanese is compared with the poor Chinese there is probably very little differences. If High tech in Japan is compared with the high tech in China and the low tech in Japan is compared with the low tech in China there is also probably very little differences. The Japanese enjoy a higher per capita GDP while the GDP of China is 3–4 times greater than that of Japan.
如果把富有的日本人与富有的中国人相比，把贫穷的日本人与贫穷的中国人相比，差别可能很小。如果把日本的高科技与中国的高科技相比较，把日本的低科技与中国的低科技相比较，两者之间可能也没有什么区别。日本人均GDP较高，而中国的GDP是日本的3-4倍。
Muhammad F. Ansori, studies History at Universitas Indonesia (2020)
Now, it must be Japan. Japan is already began an advanced country for more than four decades. But, China is rising and rapidly grow. It will catches up with Japan is some fields in not so distant future.
目前而言，肯定是日本。40多年前日本就已经跻身发达国家行列了。但是，中国正在崛起并迅速增长。它将在不久的将来赶上日本的一些领域。
Frank Underwood, Ph.D Pharmacology, Sichuan University (2016)
Japan. China is still a develo country. The largest population still limit the level of the whole country. some area are as well as Japan, but most are not as rich as Japan
日本。中国仍然是一个发展中国家。最为庞大的人口限制了整个国家的水平。有些地区和日本一样好，但大多数没有日本那么富裕。
Bob Keeter, former Flight test engineer, now retired! (1976-2013)
If you consider Shanghai and Tokyo….. the standards of living are probably close. If you consider some of the less developed areas in western China….. not so much.
如果你对比上海和东京……生活水平可能很接近。如果你对比中国西部一些不太发达的地区……差距就大了。
Brian Glover
My guess is Japan but I don't have facts or figures to back me up. China is closing the gap quickly it seems to specialising in clean energy and electric cars. I have visited both countries
我觉得是日本，但我没有事实或数据支持我。中国正在迅速缩小这一差距，中国似乎专注于清洁能源和电动汽车。这两个国家我都去过。
Charles Partrick, former Senior Partner at Syndicated Technologies (1995-2002)
Japan.
日本。
Naoya Yamaguchi, studied at Tokyo University of Foreign Studies
Japan is more advanced in most of the fields in mechanical engineering, whereas China is ahead of Japan in computer science.
日本在机械工程的大部分领域都比较先进，而中国在计算机科学方面领先于日本。
Yucun Jia, lives in China
Japan for sure. Japan is the most technologically advanced country in the world.
肯定是日本。日本是世界上技术最先进的国家。
Andy Farrar, Interested in Japanese culture and history
Japan right now, but China is catching up at an alarming rate.
现在是日本，但中国正在以惊人的速度迎头赶上。
Changtian Fang
Generally, Japan.
Although China have advantage in some certain area.
总的来说，是日本。
虽然中国在某些领域更有优势。
Wilhelmina Fransiska Meily
IMO, Japan. China is hot on Japan’s heels though
在我看来，是日本。不过，中国正在紧跟日本。
Chaucer Guo, lives in China
Actually, it’s not easy to answer.
China is technologically more advanced in some aspects, but Japan is in other aspects. So it’s hard to tell.
For example, space technology, China is definitely more advanced than Japan. In terms of computer sicence, China also surpasses Japan, for example China has super computers like Shen Wei ranking the 1st worldwide and using China’s own CPUs, and operating rate is 9 times faster than Kyo , Japanese super computer. In military field, Japan is far behind China, Japan is cripple in military field and has lost quite a lot of abilities in develo weapons. Don’t tell me that Japan is good at manufacturing civilian industry products, so they can quickly gain the ability to develo weapons. Civilian industry products are way more different from military products which need accumulation of many years. You can search China’s Type 99 Tank’s information and compare it to Japan’s Type 10 Tank.
事实上，这并不容易回答。
中国在某些方面技术比较先进，但日本在其他方面比较先进。所以很难说。
例如，在太空技术领域，中国肯定比日本更先进。在计算机科学方面，中国也超过了日本，例如中国拥有世界排名第一的超级计算机神威，使用中国自己的cpu，运行速度是日本超级计算机Kyo的9倍。在军事领域，日本远远落后于中国，日本在军事领域处于瘫痪状态，已经丧失了相当多的武器研制能力。别跟我说日本擅长制造民用工业产品，所以他们可以很快获得发展武器的能力。民用工业产品与需要多年积累的军用产品有很大的不同。你可以搜索中国99型坦克的信息，并与日本的10型坦克进行比较。
Japan is still doing better than China in bioscience, China has a long way to catch up with Japan. And in civilian precision instrument manufacturing field , Japan still has more advantages than China. Japan’s materials technology is quite more advanced than China’s.
To sum up , you can’t just say which is more advanced. What you can say is which is more advanced in some field.
日本在生物科学方面仍然比中国做得好，中国要赶上日本还有很长的路要走。在民用精密仪器制造领域，日本仍然比中国拥有更多的优势。日本的材料技术比中国的先进得多。
总之，你不能笼统地说哪个国家更先进。你只能说在某些领域哪个国家更先进。
Naoya Yamaguchi, studied at Tokyo University of Foreign Studies
Both the two are highly industrialized countries now. There are areas where China is more advanced and areas where the other way round is true.
这两个国家现在都是高度工业化的国家。有些领域中国更先进，有些领域日本更先进
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